ABSTRACT
Recently, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) focused on its important role in chloroplast photosynthesis, mitochondrial function of the sperm, an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 ability to infect naïve cells, and reducing lung inflammation caused by coronavirus disease 2019. To develop an enzymatic PG determination method as the high-throughput analysis of PG, a PG-specific phospholipase C (PG-PLC) was found in the culture supernatant of Amycolatopsis sp. NT115. PG-PLC (54 kDa by SDS-PAGE) achieved the maximal activity at pH 6.0 and 55 °C and was inhibited by detergents, such as Briji35, Tween 80, and sodium cholate, but not by EDTA and metal ions, except for Zn2+. The open reading frame of the PG-PLC gene consisted of 1620 bp encoding 515-amino-acid residues containing the preceding 25-amino-acid residues (Tat signal peptide sequence). The putative amino acid sequence of PG-PLC was highly similar to those of metallophosphoesterases; however, its substrate specificity was completely different from those of known PLCs.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Type C Phospholipases , Male , Humans , Type C Phospholipases/chemistry , Type C Phospholipases/genetics , Type C Phospholipases/metabolism , Amycolatopsis/genetics , Amycolatopsis/metabolism , Phosphatidylglycerols , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , SARS-CoV-2/metabolism , Semen , Cloning, Molecular , Protein Sorting Signals/geneticsABSTRACT
Estrogen hormone acts as a potential key player in providing immunity against certain viral infection. It is found to be associated in providing immunity against acute lungs inflammation and influenza virus by modulating cytokines storm and mediating adaptive immune alterations respectively. Women are less affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection because of the possible influence of estrogen hormone as compared to men. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 causes stress in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which in turn aggravates the infection, estrogen hormone might play key role in decreasing ER stress by activating estrogen mediated signaling pathways, results in unfolded protein response (UPR). Estrogen governs degradation of phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) with the help of phospholipase C. IP3 start in-fluxing Ca+2 ions that helps in UPR activation. To support our hypothesis, we analyzed the data of 162,392 COVID-19 patients to determine the relation of this disease with gender. We observed that 26% of women and 74% of men were affected by SARS-CoV-2. It indicated that women are less affected because of the possible influence of estrogen hormone in women.